Ирэх өвөл дахин лаа барих уу?

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Манай эрчим хүчний салбар эрэлт нь нийлүүлэлтээ түрүүлж гүйцэж, харин үйлдвэрлэл нь араас нь амьсгаадан хөөцөлдөж буй бүтэцтэй байна. Ийм тэнцвэргүй байдал нь бодлого, хөрөнгө оруулалт, тариф, өр зээлийн менежмент зэрэг олон хүчин зүйл давхар огтлолцсоны үр дагавар болж хувирчээ. Ирэх өвөл дахин хязгаарлалт үүсч, хэрэглэгчид дахин “лаагаа барих уу” гэсэн болгоомжлол ч бодит үндэслэлтэй гэдгийг салбарын тоон үзүүлэлтүүд харуулж байна.

Сүүлийн жилүүдэд ялангуяа Улаанбаатар хотын эрчим хүчний хэрэглээ огцом өссөн. Хүн амын төвлөрөл, орон сууцны хэт тэлэлт, шинэ барилгажилт, цахилгаан халаалт руу шилжих бодлого, мөн бизнес үйлчилгээ болон дата төвүүдийн хэрэглээ нэмэгдсэн зэрэг нь системийн ачааллыг тасралтгүй өсгөжээ. Өнөөдрийн байдлаар улсын хэмжээнд цахилгаан эрчим хүчний хэрэглээ жил бүр дунджаар 7–8 хувиар нэмэгдэж байгаа бөгөөд хамгийн хүйтэн өдрийн оргил ачаалал 1950 МВт орчимд хүрээд байна. Товчхондоо ганцхан цагийн доголдол үүсэхэд бүхэл бүтэн сүлжээнд нөлөөлөх хэмжээнд хүрснийг харуулж буй. Гэвч эрэлтийн энэ огцом өсөлтийн эсрэг талд үйлдвэрлэлийн хүчин чадал ижил хурдаар тэлээгүй нь хамгийн том эмзэг цэг болж байна. Монгол Улс цахилгаан эрчим хүчээ дотоодын дулааны цахилгаан станцууд болон ОХУ, БНХАУ-аас авах импортоор хангадаг. Гэсэн хэдий ч дотоодын гол станцуудын хүчин чадал аль хэдийнэ шахалтад орсон, импортын боломж ч оргил ачааллын үед дангаараа хангалтгүй байдалтай байна. Ингэснээр суурилагдсан хүчин чадал ба бодит хэрэглээний хоорондын зөрүү улам тэл, систем аюулгүйн нөөцгүй ажиллах нөхцөлд шилжжээ. Эрчим хүчний салбарын өөр нэг ноцтой асуудал нь дэд бүтцийн насжилт юм. Улаанбаатар болон төвийн бүсийн дулааны цахилгаан станцуудын ихэнх тоног төхөөрөмж хуучирсан бөгөөд төлөвлөгөөт шинэчлэл, их засварууд санхүүгийн болон зохион байгуулалтын шалтгаанаар тогтмол хийгдэж чадалгүй явж ирсэн. Үүний улмаас найдвартай ажиллагаа буурч, нэг жижиг гэмтэл гарахад бүх системийн ачаалал унах эрсдэл нэмэгдэж байна.

Үүн дээр шугам сүлжээний асуудал давхар нэмэгдэнэ. Алслагдсан бүс нутагт цахилгаан дамжуулах шугамын урт их, стандарт алдагдал өндөр, хүчдэлийн уналт тогтмол үүсдэг талаар мэргэжилтнүүд олон жил анхааруулсаар ирсэн. Үр дүнд нь зөвхөн эрчим хүчний хэмжээ бус, чанарын асуудал ч хурцаар тавигдаж, зарим бүс нутагт гэрлийн чийдэн бүрэн хүчин чадлаараа асахгүй түвшинд хүрсэн нь бодит жишээ болж байна. Эдийн засгийн талаас нь аваад үзвэл эрчим хүчний салбарын өр зээлийн дарамт, санхүүгийн тогтолцооны гажуудал нь асуудлыг улам хүндрүүлж байна. Цахилгааны үнэ тариф бодит өртгийнхөө ойролцоогоор 85 хувийг л нөхөж байгаа нь салбарыг байнга алдагдалтай ажиллуулах нөхцөл бүрдүүлжээ. Үүний улмаас шинэ хөрөнгө оруулалт, их засвар, өргөтгөлийн санхүүжилт хангалтгүй болж, дотоод хуримтлал үүсэх боломж хязгаарлагдсан байна. Улс төрийн түвшинд тариф нэмэх эсэх, төрийн татаасыг хэрхэн зохицуулах тухай маргаан олон жилийн турш үргэлжилж байгаа нь салбарын шинэчлэлийг удаашруулж буй хамгийн том тээг болж буй. Товчхондоо энэ салбарын зовлон бодлогын түвшний шийдэл шаардсан улс төр эдийн засгийн комплекс асуудал болж хувирсан гэж хэлж болно. Хэрэглээ өссөөр байхад үнэ бодит өртгөөс хоцорч, хөрөнгө оруулалт саатаж, өр нэмэгдсээр байгаа нь өнөөгийн зовлонг нэмж буй.

Эрчим хүчний дутагдлаас гарах ойрын шийдэл бол шинэ эх үүсвэрүүдийг бодитоор ашиглалтад оруулах юм. Сэлэнгийн 70 МВт-ын станц болон бусад жижиг, дунд эх үүсвэрүүд, нарны болон импортын дэд бүтцийн өргөтгөл нь богино хугацаанд тодорхой хэмжээнд ачааллыг хөнгөлөх ч хангалтгүй. Одоо байгаа станцуудын их засвар, шинэчлэлийг тогтмол санхүүжилттэй болгох шаардлагатай. Үүний тулд тарифын бодлогод өөрчлөлт оруулах нь зайлшгүй асуудал болж байна. Үнэ өртгөө нөхөхгүй байдал үргэлжилсээр байвал салбар өөрөө өөрийгөө шинэчлэх боломжгүй хэвээр үлдэнэ. Мөн системийн удирдлагыг ухаалаг болгох, алдагдлыг бууруулах, хэрэглээг оновчлох технологи нэвтрүүлэх шаардлага тулгарч байна. Ингэснээр үйлдвэрлэсэн эрчим хүч замдаа алдагдах, хэт хэрэглээ үүсэх эрсдэлийг бууруулах боломжтой.

Өнөөдрийн байдлаар хэрэглээ хурдан өссөн, хөрөнгө оруулалт удааширсан, дэд бүтэц хуучирсан, үнэ тариф өртгөөс хоцорсон гэсэн дөрвөн хүчин зүйл нэг дор давхацсан системийн хямралын шинжтэй нөхцөл юм. Энэ тэнцвэргүй байдал богино хугацаанд арилахгүй бол ирэх өвөл дахин хязгаарлалт, дахин ачааллын горим, магадгүй дахин харанхуй шөнүүдийн эрсдэл бодит хэвээр үлдэхээр байна.

Эцэст нь хэлэхэд, эрчим хүчний асуудал бол зөвхөн нэг салбарын доголдол биш, харин улсын хөгжлийн хурд, эдийн засгийн бодлогын уялдаа, улс төрийн шийдвэрийн үр дагаврыг нэг дор харуулж буй системийн толь болоод байна.

 

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