ТУУЛЫН ХУРДНЫ ЗАМ ТӨСЛИЙГ ЗОГСООВ

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Хотын даргын амиараа хамгаалж ирсэн Туулын хурдны замын төслийг Засгийн газар гэнэтхэн зогсоох шийдвэр гаргалаа. Гэтэл нийслэлээс аль хэдийн 600 гаруй тэрбум төгрөг гарчихсан байдаг. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, шийдвэр нэг талдаа, мөнгө нөгөө талдаа явчихсан, төр өөрөө өөртэйгөө зөрчилдөв.  Энэ бол зүгээр нэг замын асуудал биш, харин Монголд том төслүүд хэрхэн явдагийн бас нэгэн сонгодог жишээ болчихлоо.

Анх энэ хурдны замыг ярихдаа түгжрэлийг шийднэ гэж тайлбарласан. Улаанбаатарын зам дээр өдөрт хэдэн зуун мянган машин хөдөлгөөнд оролцож, оргил ачааллын үед замын дундаж хурд 10–15 км/цагт хүрдэг гэж тооцдог. Ийм нөхцөлд 100 км/цагийн хурдтай зорчих боломжтой шинэ зам барина гэдэг мэдээж сайхан сонсогдоно. Гэхдээ асуудал нь энэ зам ганцаараа арал шиг оршиж чадахгүйд байгаа юм.

Хурдны зам гэдэг өөрөө өндөр хурдны стандарттай дэд бүтэц. Харин манай хотын одоогийн замын сүлжээ 40–60 км/цагийн хязгаартай, уулзвар олонтой, түгжрэлтэй хэвээр. Тэгэхээр 100-тай давхиж ирсэн урсгал гэнэт 60, бүр зарим хэсэгт 20–30 км/цагийн хөдөлгөөн рүү орно гэсэн үг. Энэ бол зөвхөн түгжрэл биш, ослын эрсдэл. Хурдны замын хамгийн аюултай цэг нь өөрөө биш, харин хаана, яаж дуусч байгаагаар хэмжигддэг.

Дэлхийн том хотуудын туршлага ч үүнийг баталдаг. АНУ-ын Лос-Анжелес хот 20-р зууны дунд үеэс эхлээд асар их хэмжээний хурдны зам барьсан. Өнөөдөр дэлхийн хамгийн өргөн авто замын сүлжээтэй хотуудын нэг. Гэтэл түгжрэл нь алга болсон уу гэвэл үгүй. Харин ч эсрэгээрээ, “induced demand” буюу зам нэмэх тусам хэрэглээ нэмэгддэг үзэгдэл бодитоор ажиглагдсан. Шинэ зам барихад эхний хэдэн жилд хөдөлгөөн сийрэгждэг ч удалгүй илүү олон хүн машинтай болж, нүүлгэн шилжиж, эцэстээ түгжрэл буцаад ирдэг.

Бээжин, Бангкок зэрэг хотууд ч адилхан замаар явсан. Тойрог замууд, хурдны замуудыг ээлж дараалан барьсан ч түгжрэл бүрэн шийдэгдээгүй. Харин эсрэг жишээ нь Сөүл хот. Тэнд нэг хурдны замыг буулгаж, оронд нь нийтийн тээвэр, ногоон байгууламж, хот төлөвлөлтийг сайжруулснаар хөдөлгөөний урсгалыг илүү тэнцвэржүүлж чадсан. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, зөвхөн зам барих биш, системээ бүхэлд нь өөрчилсөн.

Улаанбаатарын хувьд ч ялгаагүй. Хэрэв нийтийн тээвэр сул, ажил амьдралын төвлөрөл хэт их хэвээр байвал ганц хурдны зам нэмэгдээд асуудал үндсээрээ шийдэгдэхгүй. Харин ч зарим урсгалыг нэг цэг дээр бөөгнөрүүлэх эрсдэлтэй.

Тэгвэл эдийн засгийн талаас нь харвал бүр ч сонирхолтой. 2.3 их наяд төгрөг гэдэг бол Монголын хувьд асар том дүн. Нэг талаас нь харахад дэд бүтцийн хөрөнгө оруулалт урт хугацаанд өгөөж өгдөг. Гэхдээ нөгөө талаас, ийм хэмжээний мөнгийг яг хаана зарцуулах вэ гэдэг сонголт өөрөө бодлогын асуудал. Энэ мөнгөөр хэдэн сургууль, хэдэн эмнэлэг, нийтийн тээврийн ямар шинэчлэл хийж болох вэ гэдэг асуулт зайлшгүй гарч ирнэ.

Дээрээс нь энэ мөнгө хэний мөнгө вэ гэдгийг мартаж болохгүй. Энэ бол татвар төлөгчдийн мөнгө. Хэн нэг даргын хувийн шийдвэр биш. Тиймээс ийм хэмжээний төсөл дээр алдаа гарвал түүний өртгийг эцэст нь иргэд өөрсдөө үүрнэ.

Зам ашиглалтад орлоо гэж бодоход өөр нэг бодит асуудал гарч ирнэ. Хэрэв нэг удаагийн зорчих төлбөр 5 мянган төгрөг байвал хүмүүс өдөр бүр ашиглах уу? Эхний үед шинэ сонин дээрээ туршиж үзнэ. Гэхдээ урт хугацаанд хүмүүсийн сонголтыг үнэ, маршрут хоёр шийднэ. Хэрэв энэ зам нь ажил, гэрийнх нь чиглэлд таарахгүй бол, эсвэл өдөр бүр 10 мянга, 20 мянган төгрөгийн зардал нэмэгдэж байвал хүмүүс эцэст нь үнэгүй, дөт замаа л сонгоно.

Ингээд харахаар энэ төсөл зөвхөн инженерийн биш, эдийн засгийн, бүр зан төлөвийн асуудал болж хувирч байна.

Нөгөө талд нь ил тод байдлын асуудал бий. Байгаль орчны үнэлгээ хангалттай юу, тендерийн шалгаруулалт шударга болсон уу, оролцогч талуудын ашиг сонирхол зөрчилдсөн үү гэдэг асуултууд хариултгүй үлдэж байна. Тиймээс энэ төсөлтэй холбоотой зарим шийдвэр гаргагчдыг хуулийн байгууллагаар шалгуулах тухай яриа ч гарч эхэлсэн нь санамсаргүй зүйл биш.

Эцэст нь хамгийн анхаарал татах зүйл бол төр өөрөө нэгдмэл байр суурьгүй байгаа явдал. Нийслэл нь мөнгөө гаргаад явж байдаг, Засгийн газар нь зогсоодог. Нэг нь урагшаа, нөгөө нь хойшоо татдаг. Ийм нөхцөлд ямар ч том төсөл бодит ажил болохоосоо илүү улс төрийн хэрэгсэл болж хувирдаг.

Туулын хурдны зам баригдах ёстой юу гэдэг асуултаас илүү чухал асуулт гарч ирж байна. Бид үнэхээр юунд мөнгөө зарцуулах гэж байна вэ? Түр зуурын том шийдэлд үү, эсвэл урт хугацаанд хотын амьдралыг бодитоор сайжруулах бодлогын өөрчлөлтөд үү?

Хэрэв үнэхээр шаардлагатай бол энэ төслийг илүү нягталж, зургаа хэмжиж нэг огтлох ёстой. Харин шаардлагагүй бол хурдны замаас илүү хэрэгтэй зүйлс эмнэлэг, сургууль, нийтийн тээвэр биднийг хүлээж байгааг мартаж болохгүй.

 

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